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Deontological ethics or deontology (from Greek δέον, ''deon'', "obligation, duty"〔from the verb δέω "bind, tie, fetter", via the present participle stem ''deont-'' + the suffix ''-logia'', first used in 1826.〕) is the normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to a rule or rules.〔("Ethics-virtue", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy )〕 It is sometimes described as "duty-" or "obligation-" or "rule-" based ethics, because rules "bind you to your duty."〔Waller, Bruce N. 2005. ''Consider Ethics: Theory, Readings, and Contemporary Issues''. New York: Pearson Longman: 23.〕 Deontological ethics is commonly contrasted to consequentialism,〔Flew, Antony. 1979. "Consequentialism". In ''A Dictionary of Philosophy'' (2nd Ed.). New York: St Martins: 73.〕 virtue ethics, and pragmatic ethics. In this terminology, action is more important than the consequences. The term ''deontological'' was first used to describe the current, specialised definition by C. D. Broad in his book, ''Five Types of Ethical Theory'', which was published in 1930.〔Beauchamp, Tom L. 1991 ''Philosophical Ethics: An Introduction to Moral Philosophy'', 2nd Ed. New York: McGraw Hill: 171.〕 Older usage of the term goes back to Jeremy Bentham, who coined it in c. 1826 to mean more generally "the knowledge of what is right and proper".〔"Deontology is derived from the Greek words, το δεον (that which is proper) and Λογια, knowledge — meaning the knowledge of what is right and proper; and it is here specially applied to the subject of morals, or that part of the field of action which is not the object of public legislation. As an art, it is the doing what is fit to be done; as a science, the knowing what is fit to be done on every occasion." ''Deontology or, The science of morality : in which the harmony and co-incidence of duty and self-interest, virtue and felicity, prudence and benevolence, are explained and exemplified : from the MSS. of Jeremy Bentham'' ed. Bowring (1834), p. (21 ).〕 The more general sense of the word is retained in French, especially in the term ''code de déontologie'' "ethical code", in the context of professional ethics. ==Terminology== Deontology is the study of that which is an "obligation or duty", and consequent moral judgment on the actor on whether he or she has complied.〔 In philosophy and religion, states Bocheński, there is an important distinction between deontic and epistemic authority.〔Józef Bocheński (1965), Analysis of authority, in ''The Logic of Religion'', New York: New York University Press, ISBN 978-0814700501, pages 162–173〕 A typical example of epistemic authority, explains Anna Brożek, is "the relation of a teacher to his students; a typical example of deontic authority is the relation between an employer and his employee".〔 A teacher has epistemic authority when she makes declarative sentences that the student presumes is reliable knowledge and appropriate but feels no obligation to accept or obey; in contrast, an employer has deontic authority when she issues an order that the employee is obliged to accept and obey regardless of its reliability or appropriateness.〔Anna Brozek (2013), (Bocheński on authority ), Studies in East European Thought, Volume 65, Issue 1, pages 115-133〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Deontological ethics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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